Leptin and insulin have what primary effect on appetite?

Leptin and insulin primarily play a role in decreasing appetite. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue, and it helps to signal satiety to the brain, letting the body know that it's filled and should stop eating. Insulin, released in response to food intake, particularly carbohydrates, also contributes to satiety by signaling the brain about the energy resources available and reducing the desire to eat further.

The body uses these hormones to effectively manage energy balance. Elevated levels of leptin and insulin typically correspond with a decrease in hunger signals and appetite. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining energy homeostasis and preventing overeating. In contrast, an increase in appetite is not associated with these hormones when they are functioning properly in saturated conditions.