How do mast cells respond after allergen exposure in both the acute and late phase reactions?

Mast cells play a crucial role in the immune response, particularly in allergic reactions. After exposure to an allergen, mast cells are activated and respond in both the acute and late phase reactions by releasing a variety of mediators, including cytokines.

During the acute phase, which occurs almost immediately after allergen exposure, mast cells degranulate, releasing histamines and cytokines. The cytokines released serve to recruit leukocytes, such as eosinophils and other immune cells, to the site of allergen exposure. This recruitment is vital for mounting a more coordinated immune response against the allergen and contributes to the inflammation seen in allergic reactions.

In the late phase reaction, which can occur hours after the initial exposure, mast cells continue to produce additional cytokines and chemokines that enhance the inflammatory response and sustain the recruitment of immune cells. This prolonged response can contribute to the symptoms associated with chronic allergic conditions.

The other options do not accurately reflect the primary role of mast cells following allergen exposure. Producing mucus is more directly associated with goblet cells than mast cells. Mast cells do not primarily attack allergens directly but instead facilitate a broader immune response. Lastly, lowering the immune response is contrary to the function of mast cells during