Which of the following carotenoids may decrease the risk of prostate cancer?

Lycopene is the carotenoid most commonly associated with decreasing the risk of prostate cancer. This powerful antioxidant is found in high concentrations in tomatoes and tomato products, and research has indicated that regular consumption of lycopene may help lower the risk of developing prostate cancer or slow its progression. The protective effects of lycopene are thought to be due to its ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which are contributing factors to cancer development.

Beta-carotene, although it has health benefits and is a precursor to vitamin A, has not consistently shown a protective effect against prostate cancer in studies. Similarly, lutein, which is another carotenoid found in dark leafy greens and other vegetables, has not been conclusively linked to a decreased risk of prostate cancer, and while flavonoids (which are plant compounds with antioxidant properties) have health benefits, they cannot be categorized solely as carotenoids and also lack direct strong evidence for prostate cancer risk reduction.