Which of the following carotenoids may decrease the risk of prostate cancer?

The carotenoid that has been most closely associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer is lycopene. Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant found predominantly in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Research indicates that consuming high amounts of lycopene may lower the risk of developing prostate cancer due to its ability to combat oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which are implicated in cancer development.

Beta-carotene, while a precursor to vitamin A and known for its antioxidant properties, has not shown a strong or consistent association with prostate cancer risk reduction in studies. Similarly, lutein, which is primarily recognized for its role in eye health, does not have significant evidence linking it to prostate cancer risk. Flavonoids, a diverse group of phytonutrients found in many fruits, vegetables, and beverages, have biological benefits but are not classified under carotenoids and do not specifically reduce prostate cancer risk in the same manner as lycopene.

Therefore, the most relevant carotenoid for decreasing the risk of prostate cancer is lycopene, distinguishing it as a key element in dietary strategies aimed at cancer prevention.